Knowledge Library

Market Glossary

33 terms — from index basics to MarketRipple's own scoring language. Each entry is a real, written definition, not a one-line dictionary snippet.

Indices

Nifty 50

NSE's benchmark index tracking the 50 largest, most liquid Indian companies by free-float market capitalization.

Sensex (BSE Sensex)

BSE's benchmark index of 30 large, established companies — India's oldest stock market index, running since 1986.

Bank Nifty (Nifty Bank)

A sectoral index tracking the most liquid, large-cap banking stocks listed on the NSE.

India VIX

India's 'fear gauge' — measures the market's expectation of Nifty volatility over the next 30 days.

Market Mechanics

Market Breadth

The ratio of advancing stocks to declining stocks — a check on whether an index move is broad-based or narrow.

Circuit Filter (Circuit Breaker)

A price band that automatically halts trading in a stock or index if it moves too far, too fast.

52-Week High / Low

The highest and lowest price a stock has traded at over the trailing 12 months.

Put-Call Ratio (PCR)

The ratio of put option to call option trading volume (or open interest) — a sentiment gauge for options traders.

Market Capitalization (Large / Mid / Small Cap)

A company's total market value (share price × shares outstanding), used to bucket stocks into large-, mid-, and small-cap.

Sector Rotation

The shifting of investor capital from one sector to another as the economic cycle or market narrative changes.

Institutional Flows & Policy

FII (Foreign Institutional Investor)

Overseas institutions — funds, pension funds, insurers — that invest in Indian equities and debt from abroad.

DII (Domestic Institutional Investor)

Indian institutions — mutual funds, insurance companies, banks — investing domestic capital in Indian markets.

Repo Rate

The interest rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks — India's key policy interest rate.

MPC (Monetary Policy Committee)

The six-member RBI committee that sets India's repo rate through a majority vote at scheduled policy meetings.

CPI Inflation

The Consumer Price Index — India's headline inflation measure, tracking the price change of a representative basket of goods and services.

WPI Inflation

The Wholesale Price Index — tracks price changes at the wholesale/producer level, ahead of consumer prices.

Fiscal Deficit

The gap between the government's total spending and its total revenue (excluding borrowings), usually expressed as a % of GDP.

USD/INR (Rupee Exchange Rate)

How many rupees it takes to buy one US dollar — India's most-watched currency pair.

Fundamental Analysis

P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings)

A stock's share price divided by its earnings per share — the most common shorthand for whether a stock looks 'expensive' or 'cheap'.

P/B Ratio (Price-to-Book)

A stock's share price divided by its book value per share — compares market value to accounting net worth.

Dividend Yield

Annual dividend per share divided by share price — the cash-return percentage a stock pays out, independent of price appreciation.

ROE (Return on Equity)

Net profit divided by shareholders' equity — how efficiently a company turns shareholder capital into profit.

EBITDA

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization — a measure of core operating profitability.

Corporate Actions

IPO (Initial Public Offering)

The first time a private company sells shares to the public and lists on a stock exchange.

Bonus Shares

Additional free shares issued to existing shareholders in a fixed ratio, funded from the company's reserves.

Stock Split

Dividing each existing share into multiple shares, reducing the price per share without changing total holding value.

Watchlist